Scope of Politics
State vs. Nation
Nation vs State
The words nation and state are sometimes used as synonyms. Sometimes, state is used as a synonymn for nation or country, but nation and state have their own repective identities.
A nation can be defined as group of people who are bound together into a single body, through history, customs, value, language, culture, tradition, art and religion. On the contraray, a state can be defined as a patch of land with a sovereign government.
A nation can be defined as a politico-cultural entity, which is identified by its unique character and collective rights. On the other hand, a state can be defined as a politico-judicial entity, which is identified by its sovereign rights.
When looking at the etymology, ‘nation’ has been derived from the latin word, ‘natio’, which means a ‘set of people’. State is a word that has been derived from the Latin’s ‘Status’, which means ‘status’ or ‘condition’.
Well, the states together form a nation. However, a state will have a separate political entity within a nation. Though the states have their own rules, and can also bring in new laws, they must adhere to the national laws. The states cannot frame laws that is of no interest to the nation.
A nation can be refered to as the holder of soverignity, that has a big role in developing the fundamental norms of a state. A nation will have a constitution, whereas a state will not have a separate constitution.
The policies pertaining to national interest are taken by the government at the national level, but the state governments cannot formlate such policies.
Reference
difference-between-nation-and-state
NATIONAL TERRITORY
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.
What comprises the National Territory?
1. The Philippine Archipelago with all the islands embraced therein
2. All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction
1. The Philippine Archipelago with all the islands embraced therein
Archipelago - under the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), it is a group of islands, interconnecting waters and other natural features which are so closely inter-related that such islands, waters and natural features from an intrinsic geographical, economic and political entity, or which historically regarded as such.
2 Elements of Archipelagic Principle
1.Definition of internal waters
2. Straight baseline method of delineating the territorial sea
o Straight Baseline Method - allows a country with offshore islands and/or very jagged coastlines to calculate its territorial seas from straight lines drawn from a point on the coast to the islands, or from island to island. One then “connects the dots” literally, and the water behind the lines is designated internal waters, while waters away from the line and toward open waters are considered territorial seas
o Straight Baseline Method - allows a country with offshore islands and/or very jagged coastlines to calculate its territorial seas from straight lines drawn from a point on the coast to the islands, or from island to island. One then “connects the dots” literally, and the water behind the lines is designated internal waters, while waters away from the line and toward open waters are considered territorial seas
2. All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction
• Includes any territory that presently belongs or might in the future belong to the Philippines through any of the accepted international modes of acquiring territory.
• Batanes (1935 Constitution)
• Other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic or legal title (1973 Constitution)
o Claim to Sabah
o Spratly Islands (PD 1596 of June 11 1968)
Components of National Territory:
I. Terrestrial – refers to the land mass, which may be integrate or dismembered, or partly bound by water or consists of one whole island. It includes all the resources attached to the land.
II. Fluvial
a. Internal waters - the waters around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions.
b. Archipelagic waters – waters enclosed by the archipelagic baselines, regardless of their depth or distance from the coast.
Archipelagic State – state made up of one or two archipelagos
Straight Archipelagic Baseline –
c. Territorial sea - belt of the sea located between the coast and internal waters of the coastal state on the one hand, and the high seas on the other, extending up to 12 nautical miles from the low water mark
d. Contiguous zone - Extends up to 12 nautical miles from the territorial sea. Although not part of the territory, the coastal State may exercise jurisdiction to prevent infringement of customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws.
Principle of Innocent Passage – guarantees that all vessels, whatever flag that they are flying, can freely cross all territorial seas.
e. Exclusive economic zone - Body of waterextending up to 200 nautical miles, within which the state may exercise sovereign rights to explore, exploit, conserve and manage the natural resources.
f. Continental shelf – the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas extending beyond the Philippine territorial sea.
g. High seas – res communes; not territory of any particular State. They are beyond the jurisdiction and sovereign rights of the State.
III. Aerial – Rules governing the high seas also apply to outer space, which is considered as res communes.
Reference
http://skinnycases.blogspot.com/2013/10/national-territory.html?m=1
Politics according to:
Aristotle, Bernard Crick, Dye, Harold Dwight Lasswell and Andrew Heywood
Politics as defined by Aristotle himself is a "practical science" because it deals with making citizens happy. His philosophy is to find the supreme purpose of life, virtue as he puts it. One of the most important roles of a politician, though, is to make laws, or constitutions. He considered Politics as Participation wherein people participates through votings in which people choose there ideal leaders. R. Dye (born December 16, 1935) is an Emeritus Professor of Political Science at Florida State University and was formerly a McKenzie Professor of Government. Dye has described politics as being about who gets scarce governmental resources, where, when, why and how. Who for Political Participants, What for Public Policies, When and How for Political process.Sir Bernard Rowland Crick (16 December 1929 – 19 December 2008) was a British political theorist and democratic socialist whose views were often summarised as "politics is ethics done in public". He sought to arrive at a "politics of action", as opposed to a "politics of thought" or of ideology. He then consider politics as Conciliation wherein aggreement occurs.Political Scientist Harold Lasswell, author of a major study of the distributive consequencws of political activity, gave his book the title, Politics--Who Gets What, When, and How. [Note 1] Lasswell, in effect, defined "politics" as involving questions as to "who gets what, when, and how." Who for elite/masses, What for the available values, When and How for the situations or nethods. He also consider politics as the study of influence and the influential.Andrew Heywood classified Politics in 4 categories into four categories: politics as the art of government; politics as public affairs; politics as compromise; and politics as power.
Politics as the art of Government
'Politics is not a science... but an art', Chancellor Bismarck is reputed to have told the German Reichstag. The art Bismarck had in mind was the art of government, the exercise of control within society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions. This is perhaps the classical definition of politics, having developed from the original meaning of the term in Ancient Greece.
Politics as public affairs
The second conception of politics moves it beyond the narrow realm of government to what is thought of as 'public life' or 'public affairs'. In other words, the distinction between 'the political' and 'the non-political' coincides with the division between an essentially public sphere of life and what can be thought of as a private sphere. Such a view of politics is often traced back to the work of the famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle. In Politics, Aristotle declared that 'Man is by nature a political animal' , by which he meant that it is only within a political community that human beings can live 'the good life'. Politics is, then, an ethical activity concerned with creating a 'just society'; it is what Aristotle called the 'master science'.
Politics as compromise and consensus
The third conception of politics refers not so much to the arena within which politics is conducted as to the way in which decisions are made. Specifically, politics is seen as a particular means of resolving conflict, namely by compromise, conciliation and negotiation, rather than through a resort to force and naked power. This is what is implied when politics is portrayed as 'the art of the possible'. Such a definition is evident in the everyday use of the term. For instance, a 'political' solution to a problem implies peaceful debate and arbitration, by contrast with what is often called a 'military' solution. Bernard Crick, a leading proponent of this view, defined politics as follows:
Politics (is) the activity by which differing interests within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their importance to the welfare and the survival of the whole community .
Politics as power
The fourth definition of politics is both the broadest and the most radical. Rather than confining politics to a particular sphere - the government, the state or the 'public' realm - this sees politics at work in all social activities and in every corner of human existence. As Adrian Leftwich put it: 'Politics is at the heart of all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human groups, institutions and societies' . In this sense, politics takes place at every level of social interaction; it can be found within families and amongst small groups of friends just as much as within nations and on the global stage. However, what is it that is distinctive about political activity? What marks off politics from any other form of social behaviour?
At its broadest, politics concerns the production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence. Politics, in essence, is power: the ability to achieve a desired outcome, through whatever means. This notion was neatly summed up in the title of Harold Lasswell's book Politics: Who Gets What, When, How? . True, politics is about diversity and conflict, but this is enriched by the existence of scarcity, by the simple fact that while human needs and desires are infinite, the resources available to satisfy them are always limited. Politics is therefore a struggle over scarce resources, and power is the means through which this struggle is conducted.
References
For a broader discussion of politics, government and the state see Heywood, A. Political Theory: An Introduction. London: Palgrave, Ch. 3.
For a broader discussion of politics, government and the state see Heywood, A. Political Theory: An Introduction. London: Palgrave, Ch. 3.
Easton, D. (1981) The Political System. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Aristotle (1948) Politics, ed. E. Baker. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Crick, B. (1993) In Defence of Politics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 21
This project was submitted by the following:
Archie C. Perlota
Archelle Jane Marquez
Ellen Faith Sapitula
Leanna mae Gabuat
Bil Abdul
This project was submitted by the following:
Archie C. Perlota
Archelle Jane Marquez
Ellen Faith Sapitula
Leanna mae Gabuat
Bil Abdul
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